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Antioxidants
Spirulina/Phycocyanins
Guarana
Sleep Blend Ingredients
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The following medical and scientific material is for consumer informational and educational purposes only — under Section 5 of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994.
DISCLAIMER: Nothing in this Website is intended as, or should be construed as, medical advice. Consumers should consult with their own health care practitioners for individual, medical recommendations. The information in this Website concerns dietary supplements, over-the-counter products that are not drugs. Our dietary supplement products are not intended for use as a means to cure, treat, prevent, diagnose, or mitigate any disease or other medical or abnormal condition.
Flavonoids, Anthocyanins & Proanthocyanidins:
Ray SD, Patel N, Shah N, Nagori A, Naqvi A, Stohs SJ. Pre-exposure to a novel nutritional mixture containing a series of phytochemicals prevents acetaminophen-induced programmed and unprogrammed cell deaths by enhancing BCL-XL expression and minimizing oxidative stress in the liver. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006 Dec; 293(1-2): 119-36. Epub 2006 Aug 11. PMID: 16902808 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Molecular Toxicology Laboratories, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA. sray@liu.edu
From a disease-prevention perspective, recent progress in phytochemical and nutraceutical research clearly suggests (benefits outweigh the risk pattern). Although powerful antioxidant properties have been the most acclaimed mechanism of action for these entities, the individual antioxidants studied in clinical trials do not appear to have consistent preventative effects. The actions of the antioxidant nutrients alone do not explain the observed health benefits of diets rich in fruits and vegetables for chronic diseases. Therefore, we proposed that the additive and synergistic effects of phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables are responsible for these potent antioxidant and anticancer activities, and that the benefit of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is attributed to the complex mixture of phytochemicals present in plants [1]. Surprisingly, however, no studies have attempted to evaluate the combined antitoxic potential of a phytochemical-nutraceutical mixture (PNM) in vivo models. Therefore, this study, for the first time, was designed to investigate whether pre-exposure to a unique PNM has the ability to impede mechanistic events involved in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. Besides several vitamins and minerals in balanced proportions (approximately US RDA), the PNM used in this investigation contained several well-known phytochemicals such as citrus flavonoids, red wine polyphenols, Guarana,Garcinia, Gymnema, Ginkgo, Ephedra sinica, Camellia sinensis, Silybum, Eluthero, Allium sativum and Ocimum basilicum extracts. Collectively, our investigation suggests that a mixture containing an assortment of phytochemicals/nutraceuticals may serve as a much more powerful blend in preventing drug or chemical-induced organ injuries than a single phytochemical or nutraceutical entity. In addition, ephedra and caffeine containing PNM-exposure in a controlled manner may potentially shield vital target organs from toxicities caused by intentional, unintentional or accidental exposures to structurally and functionally diverse drug and chemical entities.
Khan N, Afaq F, Mukhtar H. Cancer chemoprevention through dietary antioxidants: progress and promise. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2008 Mar; 10(3): 475-510. Review. PMID: 18154485 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Ariga T. The antioxidative function, preventive action on disease and utilization of proanthocyanidins. Biofactors. 2004; 21(1-4): 197-201. PMID: 15630197 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Kidd. Alzheimers disease, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and age-associated memory impairment: current understanding and progress toward integrative prevention. Altern Med Rev. 2008 Jun; 13(2): 85-115. PMID: 18590347
Carlson S, Peng N, Prasain JK, Wyss JM. Effects of botanical dietary supplements on cardiovascular, cognitive, and metabolic function in males and females. Gend Med. 2008; 5 Suppl A:S76-90.
Sliva D. Suppression of cancer invasiveness by dietary compounds. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2008 Jun; 8(7): 677-88. Review. PMID: 18537723 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Hafeez BB, Siddiqui IA, Asim M, Malik A, Afaq F, Adhami VM, Saleem M, Din M, Mukhtar H. A dietary anthocyanidin delphinidin induces apoptosis of human prostate cancer PC3 cells in vitro and in vivo: involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling. Cancer Res. 2008 Oct 15; 68(20): 8564-72.
Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Anti-oxidants from green tea and pomegranate for chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Mol Biotechnol. 2007 Sep; 37(1): 52-7. Review. PMID: 17914164 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Klass CM, Shin DM. Current status and future perspectives of chemoprevention in head and neck cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2007 Nov; 7(7): 623-32. Review. PMID: 18045067 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Nandakumar V, Singh T, Katiyar SK. Multi-targeted prevention and therapy of cancer by proanthocyanidins. Cancer Lett. 2008 May 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Singletary KW, Jung KJ, Giusti M. Anthocyanin-rich grape extract blocks breast cell DNA damage. J Med Food. 2007 Jun; 10(2): 244-51.
Frankenfeld CL, Cerhan JR, Cozen W, Davis S, Schenk M, Morton LM, Hartge P, Ward MH. Dietary flavonoid intake and non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May; 87(5): 1439-45.
Mullen W, Marks SC, Crozier A. Evaluation of phenolic compounds in commercial fruit juices and fruit drinks. J Agric Food Chem. 2007 Apr 18; 55(8): 3148-57. Epub 2007 Mar 16. PMID: 17362029 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Mantena SK, Katiyar SK. Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit UV-radiation-induced oxidative stress and activation of MAPK and NF-kappaB signaling in human epidermal keratinocytes. Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 May 1; 40(9): 1603-14. Epub 2006 Jan 26.
Nomoto H, Iigo M, Hamada H, Kojima S, Tsuda H. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer by grape seed proanthocyanidin is accompanied by a decrease in proliferation and increase in apoptosis. Nutr Cancer. 2004; 49(1): 81-8.
Del Pozo-Insfran D, Percival SS, Talcott ST. Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) polyphenolics in their glycoside and aglycone forms induce apoptosis of HL-60 leukemia cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Feb 22; 54(4): 1222-9. PMID: 16478240
Del Bas JM, Fernández-Larrea J, Blay M, Ardèvol A, Salvadó MJ, Arola L, Bladé C. Grape seed procyanidins improve atherosclerotic risk index and induce liver CYP7A1 and SHP expression in healthy rats. FASEB J. 2005 Mar; 19(3): 479-81. Epub 2005 Jan 6.
Cutler GJ, Nettleton JA, Ross JA, Harnack LJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Scrafford CG, Barraj LM, Mink PJ, Robien K. Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of cancer in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. Int J Cancer. 2008 Aug 1; 123(3): 664-71.
Açai:
Del Pozo-Insfran D, Percival SS, Talcott ST. Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) polyphenolics in their glycoside and aglycone forms induce apoptosis of HL-60 leukemia cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Feb 22; 54(4): 1222-9. PMID: 16478240 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Pacheco-Palencia LA, Mertens-Talcott S, Talcott ST. Absorption and biological activity of phytochemical-rich extracts from açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) pulp and oil in vitro. J Agric Food Chem. 2008 May 28; 56(10): 3593-600. Epub 2008 Apr 29.
Pacheco-Palencia LA, Mertens-Talcott S, Talcott ST. Chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and thermal stability of a phytochemical enriched oil from Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). J Agric Food Chem. 2008 Jun 25; 56(12): 4631-6. Epub 2008 Jun 4.
Black Currant:
Joseph JA, Fisher DR, Carey AN. Fruit extracts antagonize Abeta- or DA-induced deficits in Ca2+ flux in M1-transfected COS-7 cells. J Alzheimers Dis. 2004 Aug; 6(4): 403-11; discussion 443-9.
Galli RL, Shukitt-Hale B, Youdim KA, Joseph JA. Fruit polyphenolics and brain aging: nutritional interventions targeting age-related neuronal and behavioral deficits. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr; 959:128-32.
Grapes/Grape Seed Extract:
Ariga T. The antioxidative function, preventive action on disease and utilization of proanthocyanidins. Biofactors. 2004; 21(1-4): 197-201. PMID: 15630197 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Katiyar SK. Grape seed proanthocyanidines and skin cancer prevention: inhibition of oxidative stress and protection of immune system. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Jun; 52 Suppl 1: S71-6.
Falchi M, Bertelli A, Lo Scalzo R, Morassut M, Morelli R, Das S, Cui J, Das DK. Comparison of cardioprotective abilities between the flesh and skin of grapes. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Sep 6; 54(18): 6613-22. PMID: 16939317 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Stohs S, Ray SD, Sen CK, Preuss HG. Cellular protection with proanthocyanidins derived from grape seeds. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 May; 957: 260-70.
Vitseva O, Varghese S, Chakrabarti S, Folts JD, Freedman JE. Grape seed and skin extracts inhibit platelet function and release of reactive oxygen intermediates. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2005 Oct; 46(4): 445-51. PMID: 16160595 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Park K, Lee JH. Protective effects of resveratrol on UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells through attenuation of the caspase pathway. Oncol Rep. 2008 Feb; 19(2): 413-7. PMID: 18202789 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Park JW, Woo KJ, Lee JT, Lim JH, Lee TJ, Kim SH, Choi YH, Kwon TK. Resveratrol induces pro-apoptotic endoplasmic reticulum stress in human colon cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 2007 Nov; 18(5): 1269-73.
Terra X, Montagut G, Bustos M, Llopiz N, Ardèvol A, Bladé C, Fernández-Larrea J, Pujadas G, Salvadó J, Arola L, Blay M. Grape-seed procyanidins prevent low-grade inflammation by modulating cytokine expression in rats fed a high-fat diet. J Nutr Biochem. 2008 Jul 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Wang J, Ho L, Zhao W, Ono K, Rosensweig C, Chen L, Humala N, Teplow DB, Pasinetti GM. Grape-derived polyphenolics prevent Abeta oligomerization and attenuate cognitive deterioration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. 2008 Jun 18; 28(25): 6388-92.
Green Tea Catechins:
Park OJ, Surh YJ. Chemopreventive potential of epigallocatechin gallate and genistein: evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies. Toxicol Lett. 2004 Apr 15; 150(1): 43-56.
Sukhthankar M, Yamaguchi K, Lee SH, McEntee MF, Eling TE, Hara Y, Baek SJ. A green tea component suppresses posttranslational expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2008 Jun; 134(7): 1972-80. Epub 2008 Mar 8. PMID: 18549879
Thangapazham RL, Singh AK, Sharma A, Warren J, Gaddipati JP, Maheshwari RK. Green tea polyphenols and its constituent epigallocatechin gallate inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett. 2007 Jan 8; 245(1-2): 232-41. Epub 2006 Mar 6.
Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Anti-oxidants from green tea and pomegranate for chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Mol Biotechnol. 2007 Sep; 37(1): 52-7. Review. PMID: 17914164 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Khan N, Mukhtar H. Multitargeted therapy of cancer by green tea polyphenols. Cancer Lett. 2008 May 21. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18501505
Laschke MW, Schwender C, Scheuer C, Vollmar B, Menger MD. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits estrogen-induced activation of endometrial cells in vitro and causes regression of endometriotic lesions in vivo. Hum Reprod. 2008 Jul 4. [Epub ahead of print]
Sukhthankar M, Yamaguchi K, Lee SH, McEntee MF, Eling TE, Hara Y, Baek SJ. A green tea component suppresses posttranslational expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 2008 Jun; 134(7): 1972-80. Epub 2008 Mar 8. PMID: 18549879 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Senthil Kumaran V, Arulmathi K, Srividhya R, Kalaiselvi P. Repletion of antioxidant status by EGCG and retardation of oxidative damage induced macromolecular anomalies in aged rats. Exp Gerontol. 2008 Mar; 43(3): 176-83. Epub 2007 Nov 7.
Coyle CH, Philips BJ, Morrisroe SN, Chancellor MB, Yoshimura N. Antioxidant effects of green tea and its polyphenols on bladder cells. Life Sci. 2008 Jul 4; 83(1-2): 12-8. Epub 2008 Apr 29. PMID: 18544457 [PubMed - in process]
Katiyar SK. Skin photoprotection by green tea: antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord. 2003 Sep; 3(3): 234-42.
Katiyar S, Elmets CA, Katiyar SK. Green tea and skin cancer: photoimmunology, angiogenesis and DNA repair. J Nutr Biochem. 2007 May; 18(5): 287-96.
Kurahashi N, Sasazuki S, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Tsugane S; JPHC Study Group. Green tea consumption and prostate cancer risk in Japanese men: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Jan 1; 167(1): 71-7. Epub 2007 Sep 29.
Pomegranate:
Jurenka JS. Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): A Review. Altern Med Rev. 2008 Jun; 13(2): 128-44. PMID: 18590349 [PubMed - in process]
Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Anti-oxidants from green tea and pomegranate for chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Mol Biotechnol. 2007 Sep; 37(1): 52-7. Review. PMID: 17914164 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Hanif S, Shamim U, Ullah MF, Azmi AS, Bhat SH, Hadi SM. The anthocyanidin delphinidin mobilizes endogenous copper ions from human lymphocytes leading to oxidative degradation of cellular DNA. Toxicology. 2008 Jul 10; 249(1): 19-25. Epub 2008 Apr 9. PMID: 18486296 [PubMed - in process]
Heber D. Multitargeted therapy of cancer by ellagitannins. Cancer Lett. 2008 May 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 18468784
Bell C, Hawthorne S. Ellagic acid, pomegranate and prostate cancer -- a mini review. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008 Feb; 60(2): 139-44. Review. PMID: 18237460
Sartippour MR, Seeram NP, Rao JY, Moro A, Harris DM, Henning SM, Firouzi A, Rettig MB, Aronson WJ, Pantuck AJ, Heber D. Ellagitannin-rich pomegranate extract inhibits angiogenesis in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol. 2008 Feb; 32(2): 475-80.
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Anti-inflammatory:
Karkos PD, Leong SC, Arya AK, Papouliakos SM, Apostolidou MT, Issing WJ. ‘Complementary ENT’: a systematic review of commonly used supplements. J Laryngol Otol. 2007 Aug; 121(8): 779-82. Epub 2006 Nov 24. Review.
Subhashini J, Mahipal SV, Reddy MC, Mallikarjuna Reddy M, Rachamallu A, Reddanna P. Molecular mechanisms in C-Phycocyanin induced apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line-K562. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 1; 68(3): 453-62.
Reddy MC, Subhashini J, Mahipal SV, Bhat VB, Srinivas Reddy P, Kiranmai G, Madyastha KM, Reddanna P. C-Phycocyanin, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, induces apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 May 2; 304(2): 385-92.
Romay Ch, Gonzalez R, Ledon N, Remirez D, Rimbau V. C-phycocyanin: a biliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Current Protein and Peptide Science. 2003; 4(3): 207-216.
Remirez D, Gonzalez R, Merino N, Rodriguez S, Ancheta O. Inhibitory effects of Spirulina in zymosan-induced arthritis in mice. Mediators Inflamm. 2002 Apr; 11(2): 75-9.
Remirez D, Ledon N, Gonzalez R. Role of histamine in the inhibitory effects of phycocyanin in experimental models of allergic inflammatory response. Mediators of Inflammation. 2002; 11(2): 81-85.
Gonzalez R, Rodriguez S, Romay C, Gonzalez A, Armesto J, Remirez D, Merino N. Anti-inflammatory activity of phycocyanin extract in acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Pharmacol Res. 1999; 39: 1055-1059.
Kim HM, Lee EH, Cho HH, Moon YH. Inhibitory effect of mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions in rats by spirulina. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998; 55(7); 1071-1076.
Romay C, Armesto J, Remirez D, Gonzalez R, Ledon N, Garcia I. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of C-phycocyanin from blue-green algae. Inflamm Res. 1998; 47: 36-41.
Mao TK, Van de Water J, Gershwin ME. Effects of a Spirulina-Based Dietary Supplement on Cytokine Production from Allergic Rhinitis Patients. J Med Food 2005; 8(1); 27-30 (UC Davis study).
Wang Y, Chang CF, Chou J, Chen HL, Deng X, Harvey BK, Cadet JL, Bickford PC. Dietary Supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage. Exp Neurology 2005; 193: 75-84.
Antioxidant:
Bhat VB, Madyastha KM. C-phycocyanin: a potent peroxyl radical scavenger in vivo and in vitro. Biochemistry and Biophysics Research Communication. 2000; 275(1): 20-25.
Miranda MS, Cintra RG, Barros SB, Mancini Filho J. Antioxidant activity of the microalga Spirulina maxima. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 1998; 31(8): 1075-1079.
Anti-viral:
Hernandez-Corona A, Nieves I, Meckes M, Chamorro G, Barron BL. Antiviral activity of Spirulina maxima against herpes simplex virus type 2. Antiviral Research. 2002; 56(3): 279-285.
Blood:
Hsiao G, Chou PH, Shen MY, Chou DS, Lin CH, Sheu JR. C-Phycocyanin, a very potent and novel platetlet aggregation inhibitor from Spirulina platentis. J. Agric Food Chem. 2005 Oct 5; 53(20): 7734-40.
Cancer:
Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Nair PP, Varghese C, Somanathan T, Amma BP, Amma NS, Nair MK. Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis. Nutr Cancer. 1995; 24: 197-202.
Dasgupta T, Banejee S, Yadav PK, Rao AR. Chemomodulation of carcinogen metabolising enzymes, antioxidant profiles and skin and forestomach papillomagenesis by Spirulina platensis. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2001; 226(1-2): 27-38.
Liu XM, Zhang HQ. Effect of polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis on hematopoietic cells proliferation, apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression in mice bearing tumor treated with chemotherapy. [Article in Chinese] Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2002; 37(8): 616-20.
Mishima T, Murata J, Toyoshima M, Fujii H, Nakajima M, Hayashi T, Kato T, Saiki I. Inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis by calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), a novel sulfated polysaccharide derived from a blue-green alga, Spirulina platensis. Clinical Experience in Metastasis. 1998; 16(6): 541-550.
Schwartz J, Shklar G. Regression of experimental hamster cancer by beta carotene and algae extracts. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1987; 45(6): 510-515.
Subhashini J, Mahipal SV, Reddy MC, Mallikarjuna Reddy M, Rachamallu A, Reddanna P. Molecular mechanisms in C-Phycocyanin induced apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line-K562. Biochemistry and Pharmacology. 2004; 68(3): 453-462.
Hirahashi T, Matsumoto M, Hazeki K, Saeki Y, Ui M, Seya T. Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2002; 2: 423-34.
Zhang HQ, Lin AP, Sun Y, Deng YM. Chemo- and radio-protective effects of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis on hemopoietic system of mice and dogs. Acta Pharmacol. Sin 2001; 22: 1121-4.
Chernobyl Study:
Zozulia IS, Iurchenko AV. The adaptive potentials of those who worked in the cleanup of the aftermath of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station under the influence of different treatment methods.[In Ukranian]. Lik Sprava. 2000; (3-4): 18-21.
Diabetes:
Parikh P, Mani U, Iyer U. Role of Spirulina in the control of glycemia and lipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Medical Foods. 2001; 4(4): 193-199.
Environmental Health:
Meggs WJ. Neurogenic Inflammation and Sensitivity to Environmental Chemicals. Environ Health Perspect. 1993 101; 234-238.
Immune System:
Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Kojima I. A natural sulfated polysaccharide, calcium spirulan, isolated from Spirulina platensis: in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of anti-herpes simplex virus and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1996; 12: 1463-1471.
Qureshi MA, Garlich JD, Kidd MT. Dietary Spirulina platensis enhances humoral and cell-mediated immune functions in chickens. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol.1996; 18: 465-476.
Lee AN, Werth VP. Activation of autoimmunity following use of immunostimulatory herbal supplements. Archives Dermatology. 2004; 140(6): 723-727.
Pugh N, Ross SA, ElSohly HN, ElSohly MA, Pasco DS. Isolation of three high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations with potent immunostimulatory activity from Spirulina platensis, aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Planta Medica. 2001; 67(8): 737-742.
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Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Robertson B, Reay J, Brewster-Maund C, Luedemann J, Maggini S, Ruf M, Zangara A, Scholey AB. Improved cognitive performance and mental fatigue following a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement with added guaraná (Paullinia cupana). Appetite. 2008 Mar-May; 50(2-3): 506-13. Epub 2007 Oct 30. PMID: 18077056 [PubMed - in process]
Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Wesnes KA, Scholey AB. Improved cognitive performance in human volunteers following administration of guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract: comparison and interaction with Panax ginseng. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2004 Nov; 79(3): 401-11.
Bydlowski SP, D'Amico EA, Chamone DA. An aqueous extract of guaraná (Paullinia cupana) decreases platelet thromboxane synthesis. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1991; 24(4): 421-4. PMID: 1823256 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Bydlowski SP, Yunker RL, Subbiah MT. A novel property of an aqueous guaraná extract (Paullinia cupana): inhibition of platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1988; 21(3): 535-8.
Clauson KA, Shields KM, McQueen CE, Persad N. Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2008 May-Jun; 48(3): e55-67. PMID: 18595815 [PubMed - in process]
Yamaguti-Sasaki E, Ito LA, Canteli VC, Ushirobira TM, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias Filho BP, Nakamura CV, de Mello JC. Antioxidant capacity and in vitro prevention of dental plaque formation by extracts and condensed tannins of Paullinia cupana. Molecules. 2007 Aug 20; 12(8): 1950-63. PMID: 17960098 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Otobone FJ, Sanches AC, Nagae R, Martins JV, Sela VR, de Mello JC, Audi EA. Effect of lyophilized extracts from guaraná seeds [Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke] on behavioral profiles in rats. Phytother Res. 2007 Jun; 21(6): 531-5. PMID: 17397119 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Ray SD, Patel N, Shah N, Nagori A, Naqvi A, Stohs SJ. Pre-exposure to a novel nutritional mixture containing a series of phytochemicals prevents acetaminophen-induced programmed and unprogrammed cell deaths by enhancing BCL-XL expression and minimizing oxidative stress in the liver. Mol Cell Biochem. 2006 Dec; 293(1-2): 119-36. Epub 2006 Aug 11. PMID: 16902808 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Heard CM, Johnson S, Moss G, Thomas CP. In vitro transdermal delivery of caffeine, theobromine, theophylline and catechin from extract of Guarana, Paullinia Cupana. Int J Pharm. 2006 Jul 6; 317(1): 26-31. Epub 2006 Apr 4. PMID: 16600539 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fukumasu H, Avanzo JL, Nagamine MK, Barbuto JA, Rao KV, Dagli ML. Paullinia cupana Mart var. sorbilis, guaraná, reduces cell proliferation and increases apoptosis of B16/F10 melanoma lung metastases in mice. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2008 Apr; 41(4): 305-10. PMID: 18392453 [PubMed - in process]
Fukumasu H, da Silva TC, Avanzo JL, de Lima CE, Mackowiak II, Atroch A, de Souza Spinosa H, Moreno FS, Dagli ML. Chemopreventive effects of Paullinia cupana Mart var. sorbilis, the guaraná, on mouse hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 2006 Feb 20; 233(1): 158-64. PMID: 15885883 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Yamaguti-Sasaki E, Ito LA, Canteli VC, Ushirobira TM, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias Filho BP, Nakamura CV, de Mello JC. Antioxidant capacity and in vitro prevention of dental plaque formation by extracts and condensed tannins of Paullinia cupana. Molecules. 2007 Aug 20; 12(8): 1950-63. PMID: 17960098
Mattei R, Dias RF, Espínola EB, Carlini EA, Barros SB. Guarana (Paullinia cupana): toxic behavioral effects in laboratory animals and antioxidants activity in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998 Mar; 60(2): 111-6. PMID: 9582000
Angelo PC, Nunes-Silva CG, Brígido MM, Azevedo JS, Assunção EN, Sousa AR, Patrício FJ, Rego MM, Peixoto JC, Oliveira WP Jr, Freitas DV, Almeida ER, Viana AM, Souza AF, Andrade EV, Acosta PO, Batista JS, Walter ME, Leomil L, Anjos DA, Coimbra RC, Barbosa MH, Honda E, Pereira SS, Silva A, Pereira JO, Silva ML, Marins M, Holanda FJ, Abreu RM, Pando SC, Gonçalves JF, Carvalho ML, Leal-Mesquita ER, da Silveira MA, Batista WC, Atroch AL, França SC, Porto JI, Schneider MP, Astolfi-Filho S; Brazilian Amazon Consortium for Genomic Research (REALGENE). Guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis), an anciently consumed stimulant from the Amazon rain forest: the seeded-fruit transcriptome. Plant Cell Rep. 2008 Jan; 27(1): 117-24. Epub 2007 Oct 5. PMID: 17917729 [PubMed - in process]
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5 htp:
Birdsall TC. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: a clinically-effective serotonin precursor. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Aug; 3(4): 271-80.
Van Praag. Depression vulnerability and 5-hydroxytryptophan prophylaxis. Psychiatry Res. 1980 Sep; 3(1): 75-83.
van Hiele LJ. l-5-Hydroxytryptophan in depression: the first substitution therapy in psychiatry? The treatment of 99 out-patients with ‘therapy-resistant’ depressions. Neuropsychobiology. 1980; 6(4): 230-40.
Meyers S. Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Feb; 5(1): 64-71.
M. Toret et al. The role of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle in parachlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) pretreated rat: a multiple approach study. Experimental Brain Research. 1991 Aug 86 (1): 117-124.
Cauffield JS, Forbes HJ. Dietary supplements used in the treatment of depression, anxiety and sleep disorders. Lippincotts Prim Care Pract. 1999 May-Jun; 3(3): 290-304.
Withania somnifera/Ashwagandha:
Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. Altern. Med Rev. 2000 Aug; 5(4): 334-46.
R. Archana and A. Namasivayam. Antistressor effect of Withania somnifera. Journal of Ethnopharmacology Volume 64, Issue 1, 1 January 1998, 91-93.
Bhattacharya S. K., Muruganandam A. V.. Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress. Pharmacology, biochemistry and behavior. 2003, vol. 75, no 3 (236 p.) [Document : 9 p.] (44 ref.), pp. 547-555 [9 page(s) (article)].
N. Singh, (Mrs.) R. Nath, (Miss) A. Lata, S. P. Singh, R. P. Kohli and K. P. Bhargava. Withania Somnifera (Ashwagandha), a Rejuvenating Herbal Drug Which Enhances Survival During Stress (an Adaptogen). Pharmaceutical Biology. 1982, Vol. 20, No. 1, Pages 29-35.
Bolleddula Jayaprakasam and Muraleedharan G. Nair. Cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme inhibitory withanolides from Withania somnifera leaves. Tetrahedron, Volume 59, Issue 6, 3 February 2003, 841-849.
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